Interference coordination for peer-to-peer (p2p) communication and wide area network (wan) communication

ABSTRACT

Techniques for supporting peer-to-peer (P2P) communication in a wide area network (WAN) are disclosed. In an aspect, interference coordination between P2P devices engaged in P2P communication and WAN devices engaged in WAN communication may be performed based on a network-controlled architecture. For the network-controlled architecture, P2P devices may detect other P2P devices and/or WAN devices and may send measurements (e.g., for pathloss, interference, etc.) for the detected devices to the WAN (e.g., serving base stations). The WAN may perform resource partitioning and/or association for the P2P devices based on the measurements. Association may include selection of P2P communication or WAN communication for a given P2P device. Resource partitioning may include allocation of resources to a group of P2P devices for P2P communication. The WAN may send the results of association and/or resource partitioning to the P2P devices, which may communicate in accordance with the association and/or resource partitioning results.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.13/188,146, entitled “INTERFERENCE COORDINATION FOR PEER-TO-PEER (P2P)COMMUNICATION AND WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) COMMUNICATION” and filed onJul. 21, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 61/369,622, entitled “INTERFERENCE COORDINATION FORPEER-TO-PEER (P2P) COMMUNICATION AND WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)COMMUNICATION” and filed on Jul. 30, 2010, the entire contents of bothof which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND I. Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and morespecifically to techniques for supporting peer-to-peer (P2P)communication and wide area network (WAN) communication.

II. Background

Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide variouscommunication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging,broadcast, etc. These wireless networks may be multiple-access networkscapable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available networkresources. Examples of such multiple-access networks include CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks,Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)networks. A wireless communication network may also be referred to as awide area network (WAN).

A wireless communication network may include a number of base stationsthat can support communication for a number of devices. A device maycommunicate with a base station via the downlink and uplink. Thedownlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from thebase station to the device, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers tothe communication link from the device to the base station. The devicemay also be able to communicate peer-to-peer with other devices. It maybe desirable to efficiently support P2P communication between devices.

SUMMARY

Techniques for supporting P2P communication in a WAN are describedherein. In an aspect, interference coordination between P2P devicesengaged in P2P communication and WAN devices engaged in WANcommunication may be performed based on a network-controlledarchitecture. For the network-controlled architecture, P2P devices maydetect other P2P devices and/or WAN devices, make measurements (e.g.,for pathloss, interference, etc.) for the detected devices, and send themeasurements to the WAN (e.g., serving base stations). The WAN mayperform resource partitioning and/or association for the P2P devicesbased on the measurements. Association may include selection of P2Pcommunication or WAN communication for a given P2P device. Resourcepartitioning may include allocation or assignment of resources to agroup of P2P devices for P2P communication.

In one design, a network entity (e.g., a base station) may receive atleast one measurement from a first device, which may support P2Pcommunication and WAN communication. The at least one measurement may befor at least one second device detected by the first device. The networkentity may perform association to select P2P communication or WANcommunication and/or resource partitioning to allocate resources for P2Pcommunication for the first device based on the at least onemeasurement. The network entity may send the results of associationand/or resource partitioning to the first device.

In one design, the first device may perform peer discovery and maydetect at least one second device via peer discovery. The first devicemay obtain at least one measurement for the at least one second deviceand may send the at least one measurement to a WAN (e.g., a basestation). The first device may also determine at least one networkaddress of the at least one second device and may send the at least onenetwork address of the at least one second device to the WAN. The firstdevice may receive the results of association and/or resourcepartitioning from the WAN. The results may indicate whether P2Pcommunication or WAN communication is selected for the first device andpossibly resources allocated to the first device for P2P communication.The first device may communicate based on the results of associationand/or resource partitioning received from the WAN.

Various aspects and features of the disclosure are described in furtherdetail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network.

FIG. 2 shows a process for supporting P2P communication based on thenetwork-controlled architecture.

FIG. 3 shows a process for performing resource partitioning andassociation based on the network-controlled architecture.

FIG. 4 shows P2P communication in a wireless network.

FIG. 5 shows a process for supporting P2P communication.

FIG. 6 shows a process for engaging in P2P communication.

FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of a device.

FIG. 7B shows a block diagram of a base station.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a base station and a device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The techniques described herein may be used for various wirelesscommunication networks such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA andother wireless networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often usedinterchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such asUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includesWideband CDMA (WCDMA), Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), andother variants of CDMA. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such asGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network mayimplement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra MobileBroadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20,Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal MobileTelecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) andLTE-Advanced (LTE-A), in both frequency division duplexing (FDD) andtime division duplexing (TDD), are new releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA,which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA,E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A and GSM are described in documents from anorganization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rdGeneration Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). The techniques describedherein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologiesmentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radiotechnologies.

FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network or WAN 100, which mayinclude a number of base stations 110 and other network entities. A basestation may be an entity that communicates with the devices and may alsobe referred to as a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), an access point,etc. Each base station 110 may provide communication coverage for aparticular geographic area and may support communication for the deviceslocated within the coverage area. To improve network capacity, theoverall coverage area of a base station may be partitioned into multiple(e.g., three) smaller areas. Each smaller area may be served by arespective base station subsystem. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer toa coverage area of a base station and/or a base station subsystemserving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the termis used.

A network controller 130 may couple to a set of base stations and mayprovide coordination and control for these base stations. Networkcontroller 130 may be a single network entity or a collection of networkentities. Network controller 130 may communicate with the base stationsvia a backhaul. The base stations may also communicate with one another,e.g., directly or indirectly via wireless or wireline backhaul.

Devices 120 may be dispersed throughout the wireless network, and eachdevice may be stationary or mobile. A device may also be referred to asa user equipment (UE), a user device, a mobile station, a terminal, anaccess terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. A device may be acellular phone, a smart phone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handhelddevice, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL)station, a netbook, a smartbook, a peripheral device (e.g., a printer),etc.

A device may communicate with a base station in the wireless network. Adevice may also communicate peer-to-peer with other devices. In theexample shown in FIG. 1, devices 120 a and 120 b may communicatepeer-to-peer, and remaining devices 120 may communicate with basestations 110. Devices 120 a and 120 b may also be capable ofcommunicating with base stations, e.g., when not engaged in P2Pcommunication or possibly concurrent with P2P communication.

In the description herein, WAN communication refers to communicationbetween devices via at least one base station in a wireless network. AWAN device is a device that is interested or engaged in WANcommunication. P2P communication refers to direct communication betweentwo or more devices, without going through any base station. A P2Pdevice is a device that is interested or engaged in P2P communication,e.g., a device that has traffic data for another device within proximityof the P2P device. Two devices may be considered to be within proximityof one another, for example, if each device can detect the other device.In general, a device may communicate with another device either directlyfor P2P communication or via at least one base station for WANcommunication.

In one design, direct communication between P2P devices may be organizedin P2P groups. A P2P group refers to a group of two or more devicesinterested or engaged in P2P communication. For example, a P2P group 102in FIG. 1 includes two devices 120 a and 120 b interested or engaged inP2P communication.

In one design, a P2P group may include a P2P group owner (or P2P server)and one or more P2P clients served by the P2P group owner. In onedesign, P2P communication may occur only within a P2P group and mayfurther occur only between the P2P group owner and its P2P clients. Forexample, if two P2P clients within the same P2P group desire to exchangeinformation, then the P2P group owner may relay transmissions for theseP2P clients. In one design, a P2P client may belong in only one P2Pgroup. In another design, a P2P client may belonging in more than oneP2P group and may communicate with a P2P device in any P2P group at anygiven moment.

P2P communication may offer certain advantages over WAN communication,especially for devices located close to each other. In particular,efficiency may improve because the pathloss between two devices may besubstantially smaller than the pathloss between either device to itsserving base station. Furthermore, the two devices may communicatedirectly via a single transmission “hop” for P2P communication insteadof via two transmission hops for WAN communication—one hop for theuplink from one device to its serving base station and another hop forthe downlink from the same or different base station to the otherdevice. P2P communication may thus be used to improve user capacity andalso to improve network capacity by shifting some load over to P2Pcommunication.

Wireless network 100 may support concurrent WAN connectivity for a groupof P2P devices engaged in P2P communication. The WAN connectivity may beconcurrent in that it may be perceived as such by both a user and upperlayers of a protocol stack. This concurrency would typically not requirea device to transmit and/or receive for both WAN communication and P2Pcommunication simultaneously (e.g., in the same subframe).

In general, P2P communication may be supported (i) on the same spectrumused by wireless network 100 in a co-channel P2P deployment or (ii) on adifferent spectrum not used by wireless network 100 in a dedicated P2Pdeployment. The term “spectrum” may generically refer to a range offrequencies, which may correspond to a frequency channel, a frequencyband, a subband, a carrier, etc. For example, P2P communication may besupported in unlicensed spectrum or white space spectrum for a dedicatedP2P deployment, subject to any constraints governing the usage of suchspectrum. Co-channel P2P deployment may be used, for example, when aseparate spectrum is not available to support P2P communication.Accommodating P2P communication and WAN communication on the samespectrum may result in interference between WAN devices and P2P devices,which may be mitigated as described below.

Wireless network 100 may utilize FDD and may operate on one spectrum forthe downlink and another spectrum for the uplink. P2P devices may not beable to transmit on the downlink spectrum in order to avoid causinginterference to downlink transmissions from base stations. Hence, in aco-channel P2P deployment, some time-frequency resources on the uplinkspectrum may be allocated for P2P communication. Alternatively, wirelessnetwork 100 may utilize TDD and may utilize the same spectrum for boththe downlink and uplink. Some subframes may be allocated for thedownlink, and the remaining subframes may be allocated for the uplink.In this case, in a co-channel P2P deployment, some time-frequencyresources in the uplink subframes may be allocated for P2Pcommunication.

In one design, P2P devices may communicate with one another using TDD.For example, a P2P server in a P2P group may transmit in some timeintervals, and a P2P client in the P2P group may transmit in other timeintervals. TDD may be used for P2P communication in both dedicated P2Pdeployments and co-channel P2P deployments.

For P2P communication, P2P devices may transmit on the uplink spectrumin an FDD deployment or in uplink subframes in a TDD deployment. The P2Pdevices may then cause interference to the uplink transmissions from WANdevices at their serving base stations. The P2P devices may also observeinterference from the WAN devices on the uplink spectrum or in theuplink subframes. The interference may degrade the performance of theP2P devices as well as the WAN devices.

In an aspect, interference coordination may be performed to support P2Pcommunication and WAN communication and may include the followingcomponents:

1. Resource partitioning between WAN communication and P2Pcommunication, and

2. Resource partitioning between P2P devices.

Resource partitioning may also be referred to as resource coordination,resource allocation, etc. The term “allocate” and “assign” aresynonymous and are used interchangeably herein.

The first component above may be applicable for co-channel P2Pdeployments. If P2P communication occurs on the same spectrum used forWAN communication, then P2P transmissions may cause interference to WANtransmissions, and vice versa. The severity of this interference maydepend on various factors such as channel conditions. Nevertheless, itmay be necessary or desirable to perform resource partitioning andallocate orthogonal resources to interfering WAN and P2P transmissions.For example, orthogonal resources may be defined for different frequencysubbands, or different time slots or interlaces, or different resourceblocks, etc. The orthogonal resources may relate to time, frequency,code, transmit power, etc.

The second component above may be applicable for both co-channel P2Pdeployments and dedicated P2P deployments. Resource partitioning amongP2P devices may be performed since different P2P transmissions maystrongly interfere with each other. While the interference coordinationbetween WAN devices and P2P devices may be avoided by having the P2Pdevices operate on a dedicated frequency band or on semi-staticallyconfigured resources on which the WAN devices are not active,interference coordination between the P2P devices may be pertinentregardless of spectrum usage.

A device may be either (i) a WAN-only device capable of only WANcommunication or (ii) a WAN/P2P device capable of both WAN communicationand P2P communication. For a WAN/P2P device, an association decision(e.g., made by a base station) may determine whether the device operatesin a P2P mode or a WAN mode. Some of the description below, except whenconsidering association decisions themselves, assumes that anassociation decision for a device has already been made and that thedevice operates in either a P2P mode or a WAN mode. Association may beanother way of performing interference coordination. Association may bedifferent from the two components listed above in that it changeswhether a device operates in the WAN mode or the P2P mode.

In another aspect, interference coordination between P2P devices and WANdevices may be performed based on a network-controlled architecture. Forthe network-controlled architecture, P2P devices may report measurements(e.g., for pathloss, interference, performance metrics, etc.) to theirserving base stations. The base stations may perform resourcepartitioning and association for the P2P devices based on themeasurements. The base stations may inform the P2P devices of theassociation decisions and the allocated resources.

The network-controlled architecture may differ from anetwork-transparent architecture in which a wireless network may provideconnectivity but does not get involved in resource coordination amongdifferent P2P groups (except perhaps for setting aside an adequateamount of resources for the P2P communication). The network-transparentarchitecture may be augmented with optional network assistance in amanner that may be transparent to the P2P groups. Nevertheless, thenetwork-transparent architecture may be fundamentally different from thenetwork-controlled architecture.

The network-controlled architecture can exploit the presence of awireless network to facilitate interference management between WANcommunication and P2P communication and also between P2P groups. Thenetwork-controlled architecture may be used for (i) co-channel P2Pdeployments in which P2P communication and WAN communication occur onthe same spectrum and (ii) dedicated P2P deployments in which P2Pcommunication and WAN communication occur on separate spectrum. Thenetwork-controlled architecture may also be applicable for various radiotechnologies (e.g., LTE, CDMA, GSM, WiFi-direct, etc.) used for P2Pcommunication. For clarity, certain aspects of the techniques aredescribed below assuming that LTE-A is used for P2P communication.

In one design of the network-controlled architecture, a base station mayperform resource partitioning for P2P groups possibly with somecoordination among neighboring base stations that are associated withclose-by P2P groups at cell edge. Resource partitioning between a WANand P2P groups may be flexible. In a first design, a base station maystatically or semi-statically perform resource partitioning and maysimply reserve some resources for P2P communication. In this design, aP2P group may be assigned all or some of the reserved resources for P2Pcommunication. In a second design, a base station may dynamicallyperform resource partitioning, e.g., when and as needed. In this design,a P2P group may be assigned some of the available resources, which maybe selected at the time of the assignment. The second design may enablea P2P group to operate on the same resources as one or more WAN devices.For example, a P2P group near the cell edge may operate on the sameresources as one or more WAN UEs located close to a base station orsufficiently far from the P2P group.

Resources may be shared between WAN devices and P2P devices byaddressing both (i) interference that the WAN devices may cause toclose-by P2P devices and (ii) interference that the P2P devices maycause to reception of transmissions from the WAN devices at basestations. In one design, interference from WAN devices to nearby P2Pdevices may be addressed by first identifying which P2P devices areclose to the WAN devices and then avoiding strong interference from theWAN devices to the P2P devices through resource partitioning orscheduling.

Interference caused by P2P devices to WAN devices may be mitigated invarious manners. In one design, interference caused by the P2P devicesto WAN transmissions at the base stations may be addressed via resourcepartitioning. The base stations may assign resources to the P2P devicesin a network-controlled fashion and possibly with some coordinationamong neighboring base stations. In another design, interference causedby the P2P devices to WAN transmissions may be addressed via powercontrol. For example, the transmit power of the P2P devices may belimited to a particular maximum transmit power level that would resultin an acceptable amount of interference to the WAN transmissions at thebase stations. This maximum transmit power level may be an upper boundfor the P2P devices. The P2P devices may use as little transmit power aspossible in order to obtain the desired performance while minimizinginterference to the WAN transmissions. A combination of power controland resource partitioning may also be used to mitigate interference fromthe P2P devices to the WAN transmissions.

FIG. 2 shows a design of a process 200 for supporting P2P communicationbased on the network-controlled architecture. In one design, P2P devicesmay perform peer discovery and detect P2P group owners based onproximity detection signals transmitted by the P2P group owners (block212). Peer discovery may be performed by WAN/P2P devices operating inthe P2P mode or the WAN mode but may not be supported by WAN-onlydevices. A proximity detection signal is a signal transmitted by adevice to aid discovery and measurement of the device and/or for otherpurposes. The P2P devices may measure pathloss and discover networkaddresses of the P2P group owners based on the proximity detectionsignals and/or P2P signals (block 214). The P2P devices may report thepathloss measurements and network addresses of the P2P group owners to aWAN (e.g., serving base stations) (block 216).

The WAN (e.g., the base stations or some other network entity) maydetermine which WAN devices, if any, cause strong interference tospecific P2P groups (block 218). The WAN may schedule the WAN devicessuch that jamming of the P2P groups can be avoided (block 220).

The WAN may perform resource partitioning and/or association based onthe measurements from the P2P devices (block 222). Allocation ofresources to P2P groups may be performed in a network-controlled fashionand may be orchestrated by a base station, possibly involving somecoordination among neighboring base stations. Resource partitioning andassociation decisions may be communicated to the P2P devices (block224). The P2P devices may report their residual interference levelsafter dominant interference from the WAN devices has been mitigated.

The network-controlled architecture may provide better overallperformance for WAN communication and P2P communication. Thenetwork-controlled architecture may have access to loading andscheduling information for WAN devices and may be able to estimate theperformance achievable by WAN communication and also the performanceachievable by P2P communication. Hence, the network-controlledarchitecture may be able to more accurately access the impact ofassociation decisions and may also be able to jointly make resourcepartitioning and association decisions that can yield betterperformance.

FIG. 3 shows a design of a process 300 for performing resourcepartitioning and association to support P2P communication based on thenetwork-controlled architecture. For clarity, much of the descriptionbelow assumes a case in which two P2P devices A and B desire tocommunicate peer-to-peer. The case involving more than two P2P devicescan follow straightforwardly. P2P devices A and B may be within thecoverage of base station A, which may be a serving base station of P2Pdevices A and B. P2P devices A and B may correspond to devices 120 a and120 b in FIG. 1, and base station A may correspond to base station 110 ain FIG. 1.

A trigger to initiate formation of a P2P group for P2P devices A and Bmay be received (block 312). The trigger may be provided by a discoverymechanism, which may be part of a P2P application. The trigger mayinitiate an access procedure used by P2P devices A and B to form a newP2P group. P2P device A and/or P2P device B may then perform peerdiscovery to detect the presence of one another. P2P device A may bedesignated as a P2P group owner, and P2P device B may be designated as aP2P client.

In one design, P2P device B may detect a proximity detection signal fromP2P device A (block 314). P2P device B may estimate the pathloss for P2Pdevice A and obtain a network address of P2P device A based on theproximity detection signal (block 314). P2P device B may also detectproximity detection signals from neighboring P2P group owners and mayestimate pathloss for these P2P group owners and obtain their networkaddresses based on the proximity detection signals of these P2P groupowners (also block 314). P2P clients in the neighboring P2P groups mayalso detect the proximity detection signal from P2P device A and mayestimate the pathloss for P2P device A and obtain the network address ofP2P device A based on the proximity detection signal from P2P device A(also block 314). Alternatively or additionally, P2P device A may detecta proximity detection signal from P2P device B and may make pathlossmeasurement for P2P device B and/or obtain a network address of P2Pdevice B (also block 314). In general, P2P clients may detect proximitydetection signals from P2P servers and/or other P2P clients.Alternatively or additionally, P2P servers may detect proximitydetection signals from P2P clients and/or other P2P servers.

A determination may be made whether to proceed with P2P group formation(step 316). P2P group formation may be aborted for various reasons suchas high pathloss between P2P devices A and B, etc. If a determination ismade to abort P2P group formation, then P2P devices A and B maycommunicate via a WAN (block 330). Otherwise, P2P device A and/or B mayreport pathloss measurements and network addresses to the WAN (e.g., toserving base station A) (block 318). The P2P group owner and P2P clientsmay report separately.

The WAN (e.g., base station A) may configure WAN devices fortransmission of sounding reference signals (SRS). A sounding referencesignal is a reference signal that is transmitted by a transmitter toenable a receiver to estimate the quality of a wireless channel betweenthe transmitter and the receiver. A sounding reference signal mayinclude known modulation symbols transmitted on a set of subcarriers,which may or may not vary over time. The P2P devices may estimateinterference on different time-frequency resources and may detect stronginterference on certain time-frequency resources from WAN devices basedon the sounding reference signals transmitted by the WAN devices. Stronginterference may be quantified by interference exceeding a particularthreshold. The P2P devices may report strong interference conditions andthe time-frequency resources on which strong interference is detected tothe WAN (also block 318). The WAN may know the SRS configurations of theWAN devices and may be able to identify one or more nearby WAN devicesfor each P2P device reporting strong interference (block 320). The WANmay mitigate the strong interference from the WAN devices viascheduling, or resource partitioning, or some other mechanism, asdescribed below (also block 320).

Network-controlled resource partitioning and association may beperformed either jointly or separately for the P2P devices (block 322).For association, the WAN may determine whether P2P communication or WANcommunication will provide better performance for P2P devices A and Bbased on the pathloss measurements from the P2P devices. For resourcepartitioning, the WAN may assign resources to P2P devices A and B forP2P communication and may also determine a maximum transmit power levelfor the P2P devices. Base station A may (i) autonomously performresource partitioning and association for the P2P devices or (ii)coordinate with one or more neighboring base stations for resourcepartitioning and association, depending on the location of the P2Pdevices.

A determination may be made whether P2P communication is selected forP2P devices A and B (block 324). If P2P communication is not selected,then P2P devices A and B may communicate via the WAN (block 330).Otherwise, the WAN may inform P2P devices A and B of the assignedresources and the maximum transmit power level (block 326). P2P devicesA and B may then communicate peer-to-peer on the assigned resources(block 328). P2P device B may perform a random access channel (RACH)procedure on the assigned resources to establish a communication linkwith P2P device A (also block 328). The various steps in FIG. 3 aredescribed in further detail below.

A new P2P client may desire to join an existing P2P group. The new P2Pclient may perform an access procedure, which may be similar to theprocedure shown in FIG. 3 for P2P group formation. The new P2P clientmay perform discovery for P2P devices, make pathloss measurements fordetected P2P devices, and report the measurements to the WAN, e.g., insimilar manner as for P2P group formation described above. Furthermore,interfering WAN devices in the vicinity of the new P2P client may beidentified as described above. The WAN may perform resource partitioningand association for the new P2P client based on the reportedmeasurements and the identified interfering WAN devices. The WAN maydetermine changes to the resource partitioning and association as aresult of the new P2P client joining the P2P group and may communicatethe changes to the group P2P owner, as described above.

In one design, P2P devices may perform peer discovery and make pathlossmeasurements based on proximity detection signals. A proximity detectionsignal may comprise a reference signal and/or other signals andtransmissions. A reference signal is a signal that is known a priori bya transmitter and a receiver and may also be referred to as pilot. A P2Pdevice may occasionally (e.g., periodically) transmit a proximitydetection signal to allow other devices to detect the presence of theP2P device. Alternatively or additionally, the P2P device mayoccasionally detect proximity detection signals from other deviceswithin its proximity. A proximity detection signal may be transmitted onresources reserved for transmitting proximity detection signals, whichmay have less interference than other resources and may enable detectionof the proximity detection signal by devices farther away. A proximitydetection signal may also be transmitted on resources used for WANcommunication and/or P2P communication.

A proximity detection signal may be generated in various manners and mayinclude various types of information such as a discovery identity (ID)of a transmitting P2P device, a network address of the transmitting P2Pdevice, a service being offered or requested by the transmitting P2Pdevice, and/or other information. A discovery ID may be unique for a P2Pdevice within a small area (e.g., the coverage area of a base station)whereas a network address may be unique for the P2P device over a largerarea. Different P2P devices may also transmit different information inthe proximity detection signal. In one design, a P2P group owner maytransmit its discovery ID or network address in a proximity detectionsignal to enable P2P clients to obtain the network address of the P2Pgroup owner. In one design, the network address may be obtained byreceiving a discovery ID from the proximity detection signal andtranslating the discovery ID to a network address through aregistration/discovery server. In another design, the network addressmay be obtained directly from the proximity detection signal.

In one design, P2P group owners may occasionally (e.g., periodically)transmit proximity detection signals to allow other devices to detectthe presence of the P2P group owners. In this design, P2P device A inFIG. 3 may transmit a proximity detection signal, and P2P device B maydetect the proximity detection signal. P2P device B may estimate thepathloss between P2P devices A and B and may also determine the networkaddress of P2P device A based on the proximity detection signaltransmitted by P2P device A.

In another design, P2P clients may occasionally transmit proximitydetection signals to allow other devices to detect the presence of theP2P clients. In this design, P2P device B in FIG. 3 may transmit aproximity detection signal, and P2P device A may detect the proximitydetection signal. P2P device A may estimate the pathloss and determinethe network address of P2P device B based on the proximity detectionsignal transmitted by device B.

In yet another design, each P2P device may transmit a proximitydetection signal and may also detect proximity detection signals fromother P2P devices. In this design, P2P device A may detect P2P device Band may estimate the pathloss and determine the network address of P2Pdevice B based on the proximity detection signal transmitted by deviceB. Similarly, P2P device B may detect P2P device A and may estimate thepathloss and may determine the network address of P2P device A based onthe proximity detection signal transmitted by device A.

P2P devices (e.g., P2P clients) in neighboring P2P groups that might beinterfered by transmissions from P2P device A may detect the proximitydetection signal from P2P device A and determine the pathloss to P2Pdevice A and the network address of P2P device A. The P2P devices in theneighboring P2P groups may report their pathloss measurements and/or thenetwork address of P2P device A to their P2P group owners or to theirbase stations, which may collect the feedback from existing P2P groups.

P2P devices A and/or B may also proceed in a similar manner. Inparticular, P2P device A and/or B may detect proximity detection signalsfrom P2P devices in neighboring P2P groups, determine the pathloss andnetwork addresses of the neighboring P2P devices, and report thesepathloss measurements and network addresses to serving base station A.

P2P devices A and/or B may also measure the received signal strengthand/or received signal quality of their serving base station A and mayreport the measurements to base station A. These measurements may beused to estimate the performance of P2P devices A and B for WANcommunication. This performance information may be used, together withthe other reported measurements, for association to determine whether toselect P2P communication or WAN communication for P2P devices A and B.

Resources may be statically or semi-statically allocated for WANcommunication and P2P communication. In this case, WAN devices may causestrong interference to P2P devices, and vice versa. To avoid stronginterference conditions that may arise if the WAN devices and P2Pdevices are in close proximity, the WAN devices that are dominantinterferers to the P2P devices may be identified.

WAN devices that cause strong interference to P2P devices may beidentified in various manners. In one design, interfering WAN devicesmay be identified based on measurements by P2P devices, as describedbelow. In another design, interfering WAN devices may be identifiedbased on their locations relative to the locations of the P2P devices.The locations of the devices may be estimated based on received signalstrength measurements, positioning, and/or other means. In yet anotherdesign, interfering WAN devices may be identified based on radiofrequency (RF) fingerprinting. Different devices may be assumed to belocated near each other if they have similar received signal strengthmeasurements for a set of cells. Interfering WAN devices may also beidentified in other manners.

In one design, to facilitate detection of interfering WAN devices to P2Pdevices, the WAN devices may be configured by the wireless network totransmit sounding reference signals. In one design, different WANdevices may be configured to transmit their sounding reference signalson different sets of subcarriers and/or with other distinguishingcharacteristics to enable these WAN devices to be identified based ontheir sounding reference signals.

In one design, P2P devices may measure interference on differenttime-frequency resources and may detect strong interference due to thesounding reference signals from WAN devices. The P2P devices may reportstrong interference conditions, along with information on the specificresources on which the strong interference was detected, to theirserving base stations. The base stations may be aware of which WANdevices were scheduled to transmit on what specific resources. The basestations may then be able to determine which WAN devices were likely tohave caused the strong interference based on the interference conditionsreported by the P2P devices.

The base stations may be able to identify WAN devices causing stronginterference to P2P devices based on the reports from the P2P devices.Strong interference from the identified WAN devices may be reduced invarious manners. In one design, the base stations may mitigateinterference due to the interfering WAN devices through scheduling. Thebase stations may schedule the interfering WAN devices on resources notused by the P2P devices so that strong interference to the P2P devicescan be avoided. Scheduling may be effective in mitigating stronginterference. However, some residual interference from the WAN devicesmay remain. In one design, the residual interference from the WANdevices may be measured by the P2P devices over time and may be reportedto the base stations. Information on the residual interference may beconsidered when performing resource partitioning. In another design, theresidual interference may not be reported (e.g., as part of a P2P groupformation procedure). In this case, a nominal value forinterference-over-thermal (IoT) may be used for initial resourcepartitioning. After completing P2P group formation, the nominal IoTvalue may be refined once P2P communication has been established.

In one design, a base station may receive measurements from all P2Pgroups within its coverage and control and may perform resourcepartitioning and association in a centralized fashion. The P2P groupsunder the control of the base station may include “cell-center” P2Pgroups and “cell-edge” P2P groups. The cell-center P2P groups may belocated near the cell center and may observe little interference fromneighboring P2P groups, which are not under the control of the basestation. The cell-edge P2P groups may be located near the cell edge andmay observe strong interference from the neighboring P2P groups.

In one design, a base station may autonomously perform resourcepartitioning and association for the cell-center P2P groups, withouthaving to interact with neighboring base stations. The base station maycoordinate with one or more neighboring base stations to mitigateinterference between the cell-edge P2P groups and the neighboring P2Pgroups. However, the coordination between base stations may be limitedas much as possible in order to reduce complexity.

In one design, association and resource partitioning may be performedjointly. For example, a determination may be made whether a P2P groupwould be better served with P2P communication or WAN communication basedon initial assignments of resources for P2P communication and also forWAN communication. A communication mode that can provide betterperformance may be selected. In general, the network-controlarchitecture can support a variety of resource partitioning andassociation schemes that may have different complexity and performancetradeoffs.

A base station may make resource partitioning and association decisionsfor P2P devices, as described above. In one design, the base station maycommunicate the decisions to the P2P group owners. These decisions mayinclude assignment of resources to the P2P groups as well as start timeat which the resource assignments will become effective. For P2P groupformation, the base station may also inform P2P clients of resources fora random access channel (RACH) to use to establish a connection withtheir P2P group owners.

In one design, different hypotheses for appointment of P2P group ownersmay be tested in order to determine which appointment will providebetter performance. In the network-controlled architecture, testing suchhypotheses may be relatively easy to implement since most of thecomputations may be internal to the base station (apart from somecoordination that may be performed for a P2P group at cell-edge).

In the network-controlled architecture, the WAN may orchestrate resourcepartitioning and may have a fairly accurate estimate of thethroughput/utility that may be achievable by a group of devices. The WANmay thus have knowledge of the performance of P2P devices for both WANcommunication and P2P communication. The WAN may use this knowledge tomake association decisions more judiciously. As a result, it may bedesirable in the network-controlled architecture to jointly performresource partitioning and association, which may provide betterperformance over performing resource partitioning and associationseparately.

A base station may perform resource partitioning and association for P2Pgroups within its coverage for the network-controlled architecture.However, there may be some P2P groups located at the edge of coverage ofmultiple base stations.

FIG. 4 shows P2P communication in a wireless network. Two base station110 a and 110 b may support communication for WAN devices, which are notshown in FIG. 4. Base station 110 a may have a coverage area to the leftof a dashed line 410, and base station 110 b may have a coverage area tothe right of a dashed line 412. A cell-edge area 414 may correspond tothe overlapping portion of the coverage area of base station 110 a andthe coverage area of base station 110 b.

In the example shown in FIG. 4, four P2P groups 420 a through 420 d maybe located within the coverage of base station 110 a, and four P2Pgroups 422 a through 422 d may be located within the coverage of basestation 110 b. Six cell-edge P2P groups 424 a through 424 f may belocated within cell-edge area 414. P2P groups 424 a through 424 c may beunder the control of base station 110 a, and P2P groups 424 d through424 f may be under the control of base station 110 b. For simplicity,FIG. 4 shows each P2P group including two P2P devices. For each P2Pgroup, a P2P group owner is shown by a dark filled circle, and a P2Pclient is shown by an unfilled circle. A P2P device in a given P2P groupmay receive interference from P2P devices in other P2P groups. Theinterference between P2P devices is represented by dashed lines betweenP2P clients in FIG. 4.

Each base station may autonomously perform resource partitioning andassociation for cell-center P2P groups under the control of that basestation and not observing strong interference from WAN devicescommunicating with neighbor base stations. In the example shown in FIG.4, base station 110 a may perform resource partitioning and associationfor P2P groups 420 a through 420 d, and base station 110 b may performresource partitioning and association for P2P groups 422 a through 422d. Neighboring base stations may coordinate to perform resourcepartitioning and association for cell-edge P2P groups located at thecoverage edge of these base stations. These cell-edge P2P groups may bewithin close proximity of one another and may cause strong interference.For example, base stations 110 a and 110 b may coordinate to performresource partitioning and association for P2P groups 424 a through 424 fin FIG. 4 so that good performance can be achieved for all P2P groups422. The amount of coordination between base stations to addresscell-edge P2P groups may be limited as much as possible in order toreduce loading on the backhaul and to leverage the fact that cell-centerP2P groups that are located closer to the cell-center do not requiresuch coordination.

In one design, resource partitioning for cell-edge P2P groups andcell-center P2P groups may be performed as follows. Initially, cell-edgeP2P groups that may require coordination between base stations may beidentified. These P2P groups may be associated with different basestations but may require coordination by their base stations forresource partitioning. Once the cell-edge P2P groups have beenidentified, one of the base stations may be selected to determine aninitial resource partitioning for these P2P groups. The initial resourcepartitioning may be fixed. Each base station may then perform resourcepartitioning for the remaining cell-center P2P groups within itscoverage, with the constraint of the initial resource partitioning forthe cell-edge P2P groups. This design may limit coordination betweenbase stations to the initial stage of resource partitioning.

In another design, resource partitioning for cell-edge P2P groups andcell-center P2P groups may be performed in an iterative manner. In thisdesign, neighboring base stations may take turn in evaluating resourcepartitioning for the cell-edge P2P groups. The base stations may thennegotiate on a particular resource partitioning for the cell-edge P2Pgroups. Each base station may then perform resource partitioning for itscell-center P2P groups, with the constraint of the initial resourcepartitioning for the cell-edge P2P groups.

In yet another design, neighboring base stations may statically orsemi-statically reserve some resources for cell-edge P2P groupsassociated with each base station. Each base station may then assign itscell-edge P2P groups with resources that have been reserved for thecell-edge P2P groups associated with that base station. This design mayreduce coordination between base stations, which may be limited to thestatic/semi-static reservation of resources for cell-edge P2P groups.

Coordination between base stations for resource partitioning forcell-edge P2P groups may also be performed in other manners. In general,a specific coordination mechanism may be selected for cell-edge P2Pgroups based on a tradeoff between performance and overhead as well asthe number of available resources. A small number of available resourcesmay necessitate more careful planning in order to achieve goodperformance. A large number of available resources may allow for moreflexibility in resource partitioning and hence may require lesscoordination between base stations to achieve good performance.

FIG. 5 shows a design of a process 500 for supporting wirelesscommunication. Process 500 may be performed by a network entity, whichmay be a base station, a network controller, or some other entity. Thenetwork entity may receive at least one measurement from a first device,which may support P2P communication and WAN communication (block 512).The at least one measurement may be for at least one second devicedetected by the first device. The reporting of the at least onemeasurement may be initiated by the first device, which may not beengaged in WAN communication prior to sending the at least onemeasurement. The network entity may perform association to select P2Pcommunication or WAN communication and/or resource partitioning toallocate resources for P2P communication for the first device based onthe at least one measurement (block 514). The network entity may sendresults of the association and/or the resource partitioning to the firstdevice (block 516).

In one design of block 512, at least one pathloss measurement may bereceived from the first device. Each pathloss measurement may indicatethe pathloss between the first device and one of the at least one seconddevice. At least one network address of the at least one second devicemay also be received from the first device. A P2P group including thefirst device and the at least one second device may be identified basedon the at least one network address of the at least one second device.

In one design of block 514, association may be performed, and P2Pcommunication or WAN communication may be selected for the first devicebased on the at least one measurement. In one design, the performance ofthe first device for P2P communication may be estimated, and theperformance of the first device for WAN communication may also beestimated. P2P communication or WAN communication may be selected forthe first device based on the estimated performance for P2Pcommunication and the estimated performance for WAN communication. Adecision of P2P communication or WAN communication being selected forthe first device may be sent to the first device (as shown in block516).

In another design of block 514, resource partitioning may be performed,and resources may be allocated to the first device for P2Pcommunication. Information indicative of the allocated resources may besent to the first device in block 516. In one design, a maximum transmitpower level for the first device for P2P communication may bedetermined. Information indicative of the maximum transmit power levelmay be sent to the first device. In one design, one or more measurementsmay be received from a third device desiring to join a P2P groupincluding the first device. Allocation of resources for the P2P groupmay be updated to account for the third device joining the P2P group.

In one design, information indicative of (e.g., at least one networkaddress of) at least one P2P device potentially causing stronginterference to the first device may be received. Resources may beallocated to the first device and/or the at least one P2P device suchthat interference from the at least one P2P device to the first devicemay be reduced.

In one design, to support inter-cell interference coordination,measurements for one or more P2P devices may be received from the firstdevice, which may be located within the coverage of a first basestation. The one or more P2P devices may be located within the coverageof a second base station. The measurements for the one or more P2Pdevices may be forwarded from the first base station to the second basestation.

In one design, resource partitioning may be performed for a first P2Pgroup by the first base station with coordination with at least oneneighboring base station. Resource partitioning for a second P2P groupmay be performed by the first base station without coordination with theat least one neighboring base station. The first base station and the atleast one neighboring base station may negotiate to assign resources tothe first P2P group. In one design, first resources may be assigned tothe first P2P group by a designated base station, which may be a basestation designated to support the first P2P group in a group of basestations including the first base station and the at least oneneighboring base station. Second resources may be selected by the firstbase station from among available resources that exclude the firstresources and may be assigned to the second P2P group. In anotherdesign, first resources may be selected by the first base station fromreserved resources for cell-edge P2P groups and may be assigned to thefirst P2P group. Second resources may be selected by the first basestation from available resources that exclude the reserved resources andmay be assigned to the second P2P group.

In one design, at least one interference measurement for at least oneWAN device may be received from the first device. Each WAN device maycommunicate with the WAN. Each interference measurement may indicatestrong interference detected by the first device from one WAN device.The at least one WAN device may be scheduled on different resources toreduce interference to the first device. Alternatively or additionally,the transmit power level of the at least one WAN device may be reducedto mitigate interference to the first device.

In one design, the at least one WAN device may be configured to transmita sounding reference signal on different resources. Each interferencemeasurement may indicate the particular resources on which stronginterference is detected by the first device. The at least one WANdevice causing strong interference to the first device may be identifiedbased on the resources on which strong interference is detected by thefirst device and the resources on which each WAN device is configured totransmit the sounding reference signal.

FIG. 6 shows a design of a process 600 for wireless communication in aWAN. Process 600 may be performed by a first device (as described below)or by some other entity. The first device may support P2P communicationand WAN communication, may perform peer discovery (block 612), and maydetect at least one second device via peer discovery (block 614). Thefirst device may obtain at least one measurement for the at least onesecond device (block 616) and may send the at least one measurement tothe WAN (block 618). In one design, the first device may determine atleast one network address of the at least one second device and may sendthe at least one network address of the at least one second device tothe WAN. The first device may receive the results of association toselect P2P communication or WAN communication and/or resourcepartitioning to allocate resources for P2P communication from the WAN(block 620). The WAN may perform association and/or resourcepartitioning for the first device based on the at least one measurement.The first device may communicate based on the results of associationand/or resource partitioning (block 622).

In one design of block 612, the first device may transmit a proximitydetection signal to enable at least one other device to detect the firstdevice. In another design, the first device may detect at least oneproximity detection signal from the at least one second device. Thefirst device may then make at least one measurement for the at least onesecond device based on the at least one proximity detection signal. Inone design, the first device may make at least one pathloss measurementfor the at least one second device, with each pathloss measurementindicating the pathloss between the first device and one second device.

In one design of block 620, the first device may receive a decision ofP2P communication or WAN communication selected by the WAN for the firstdevice. The first device may communicate directly with the at least onesecond device if P2P communication is selected. In another design ofblock 622, the first device may receive information indicative ofresources allocated to the first device for P2P communication. The firstdevice may communicate directly with the at least one second device onthe allocated resources.

In one design, the first device may receive a maximum transmit powerlevel to use for P2P communication. The first device may then transmitat the maximum transmit power level or lower for P2P communication.

In one design, the first device may detect at least one P2P devicepotentially causing strong interference to the first device. The firstdevice may send information indicative of the at least one P2P device tothe WAN. The at least one P2P device may be scheduled (e.g., ondifferent resources) to mitigate interference to the first device.

In one design, the first device may make at least one interferencemeasurement for at least one WAN device. Each interference measurementmay be made on different resources and may indicate interferencedetected by the first device from one WAN device. Each interferencemeasurement may be associated with particular resources on which thestrong interference is detected by the first device. The first devicemay send the at least one interference measurement for the at least oneWAN device to the WAN. The at least one WAN device may be scheduledand/or may have their transmit power reduced to mitigate interference tothe first device.

In one design, the first device may be a P2P client in a P2P groupincluding the first device and the at least one second device. The firstdevice may perform a random access procedure to establish a P2Pcommunication link with the at least one second device. In anotherdesign, the first device may be a P2P server in the P2P group. The firstdevice may schedule the at least one second device (e.g., based onresources allocated to the P2P group) for data transmission for P2Pcommunication.

FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of a design of a device 120 x capable ofP2P communication and WAN communication. Within device 120 x, a receiver712 may receive proximity detection signals and P2P signals transmittedby P2P devices for P2P communication and downlink signals transmitted bybase stations for WAN communication. A transmitter 714 may transmit aproximity detection signal and P2P signals to P2P devices for P2Pcommunication and uplink signals to base stations for WAN communication.A module 716 may perform peer discovery and detect P2P devices. A module718 may detect interfering WAN devices. A module 720 may makemeasurements for received power of detected devices and base stationsand may determine pathloss based on the received power measurements.Module 720 may also measure interference on different resources that maybe used for P2P communication.

A module 722 may report the measurements, network addresses, and/orother information to a serving base station. A module 724 may supportP2P communication, e.g., generate and process signals used for P2Pcommunication. A module 726 may support WAN communication, e.g.,generate and process signals used for WAN communication. The variousmodules within device 120 x may operate as described above. Acontroller/processor 728 may direct the operation of various moduleswithin device 120 x. A memory 730 may store data and program codes fordevice 120 x.

FIG. 7B shows a block diagram of a design of a base station 110 xsupporting P2P communication and WAN communication. Within base station110 x, a receiver 752 may receive uplink signals transmitted by devicesfor WAN communication. A transmitter 754 may transmit downlink signalsto devices for WAN communication. A module 756 may receive reportscomprising measurements, network addresses, etc., from devices. A module758 may perform resource partitioning to allocate some of the availableresources for P2P communication.

A module 760 may perform association and select WAN communication or P2Pcommunication for devices. A module 762 may perform resource negotiationwith other base stations to determine resources to allocate for P2Pcommunication, e.g., as described above. A module 764 may support WANcommunication for devices, e.g., generate and process signals used forWAN communication. A module 766 may support communication with othernetwork entities (e.g., other base stations) via the backhaul (e.g., forresource partitioning). The various modules within base station 110 xmay operate as described above. A controller/processor 768 may directthe operation of various modules within base station 110 x. A memory 730may store data and program codes for base station 110 x.

The modules within device 120 x in FIG. 7A and the modules within basestation 110 x in FIG. 7B may comprise processors, electronic devices,hardware devices, electronic components, logical circuits, memories,software codes, firmware codes, etc., or any combination thereof.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a design of a base station 110 y and adevice 120 y, which may be one of the base stations and one of thedevices in FIG. 1. Base station 110 y may be equipped with T antennas834 a through 834 t, and device 120 y may be equipped with R antennas852 a through 852 r, where in general T≥1 and R≥1.

At base station 110 y, a transmit processor 820 may receive data from adata source 812 and control information (e.g., messages for resourcepartitioning and association) from a controller/processor 840. Processor820 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data and controlinformation to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively.Processor 820 may also generate reference symbols for synchronizationsignals, reference signals, etc. A transmit (TX) multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) processor 830 may perform spatial processing(e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or thereference symbols, if applicable, and may provide T output symbolstreams to T modulators (MODs) 832 a through 832 t. Each modulator 832may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) toobtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 832 may further process(e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the outputsample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals frommodulators 832 a through 832 t may be transmitted via T antennas 834 athrough 834 t, respectively.

At device 120 y, antennas 852 a through 852 r may receive the downlinksignals from base station 110 y, downlink signals from other basestations, uplink signals from WAN devices, and/or P2P signals andproximity detection signals from other P2P devices. Antennas 852 athrough 852 r may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 854a through 854 r, respectively. Each demodulator 854 may condition (e.g.,filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signalto obtain input samples. Each demodulator 854 may further process theinput samples (e.g., for OFDM, SC-FDMA, etc.) to obtain receivedsymbols. A MIMO detector 856 may obtain received symbols from all Rdemodulators 854 a through 854 r, perform MIMO detection on the receivedsymbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor858 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols,provide decoded data for device 120 y to a data sink 860, and providedecoded control information to a controller/processor 880.

On the uplink, at device 120 y, a transmit processor 864 may receivedata from a data source 862 and control information (e.g., reports fordetected P2P devices and/or WAN devices) from controller/processor 880.Processor 864 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data andcontrol information to obtain data symbols and control symbols,respectively. Processor 864 may also generate reference symbols for areference signal, a proximity detection signal, etc. The symbols fromtransmit processor 864 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 866 ifapplicable, further processed by modulators 854 a through 854 r (e.g.,for SC-FDMA, OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to base station 110 y, otherbase stations, and/or other P2P devices. At base station 110 y, theuplink signals from device 120 y and other devices may be received byantennas 834, processed by demodulators 832, detected by a MIMO detector836 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 838 toobtain decoded data and control information sent by device 120 y andother devices. Processor 838 may provide the decoded data to a data sink839 and the decoded control information to controller/processor 840.

Controllers/processors 840 and 880 may direct the operation at basestation 110 y and device 120 y, respectively. Processor 840 and/or otherprocessors and modules at base station 110 y may perform or direct allor part of process 200 in FIG. 2, process 300 in FIG. 3, process 500 inFIG. 5, and/or other processes for the techniques described herein.Processor 880 and/or other processors and modules at device 120 y mayperform or direct all or part of process 200 in FIG. 2, process 300 inFIG. 3, process 600 in FIG. 6, and/or other processes for the techniquesdescribed herein. Memories 842 and 882 may store data and program codesfor base station 110 y and device 120 y, respectively. A communication(Comm) unit 844 may enable base station 110 y to communicate with othernetwork entities. A scheduler 846 may schedule devices for datatransmission on the downlink and/or uplink.

FIG. 8 also shows a design of network controller 130 in FIG. 1. Withinnetwork controller 130, a controller/processor 890 may perform variousfunctions to support peer discovery, P2P communication, and WANcommunication. Controller/processor 890 may also perform part of process200 in FIG. 2, process 300 in FIG. 3, process 500 in FIG. 5, and/orother processes for the techniques described herein. A memory 892 maystore program codes and data for network controller 130. A storage unit894 may store information (e.g., network addresses) for P2P devices. Acommunication unit 896 may enable network controller 130 to communicatewith other network entities.

In one configuration, apparatus 110 x, 110 y, or 130 for wirelesscommunication may include means for receiving at least one measurementfrom a first device supporting P2P communication and WAN communication,the at least one measurement being for at least one second devicedetected by the first device, means for performing association and/orresource partitioning for the first device based on the at least onemeasurement, and means for sending the results of association and/orresource partitioning to the first device.

In another configuration, apparatus 120 x or 120 y for wirelesscommunication may include means for performing peer discovery by a firstdevice supporting P2P communication and WAN communication, means fordetecting at least one second device by the first device via peerdiscovery, means for obtaining at least one measurement for the at leastone second device by the first device, means for sending the at leastone measurement from the first device to the WAN, means for receivingthe results of association and/or resource partitioning from the WAN,wherein association and/or resource partitioning are performed by theWAN for the first device based on the at least one measurement, andmeans for communicating by the first device based on the results ofassociation and/or resource partitioning.

In an aspect, the aforementioned means for apparatus 120 x or 120 y maybe module 716, 718, 720, 722 and/or 728 at device 120 x or processors858, 864 and/or 880 at device 120 y, which may be configured to performthe functions recited by the aforementioned means. The aforementionedmeans for apparatus 110 x or 110 y may be module 756, 758, 760, 762and/or 768 at apparatus 110 x or processors 820, 838, 840 and/or 844 atapparatus 110 y, which may be configured to perform the functionsrecited by the aforementioned means. In another aspect, theaforementioned means may be one or more modules or any apparatusconfigured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signalsmay be represented using any of a variety of different technologies andtechniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information,signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout theabove description may be represented by voltages, currents,electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields orparticles, or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrativelogical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described inconnection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronichardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearlyillustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, variousillustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have beendescribed above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether suchfunctionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon theparticular application and design constraints imposed on the overallsystem. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performedwith a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate ortransistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Ageneral-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in thealternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combinationof a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one ormore microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suchconfiguration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with thedisclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a softwaremodule executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. Asoftware module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory,EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, aCD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Anexemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that theprocessor can read information from, and write information to, thestorage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integralto the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in anASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, theprocessor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in auser terminal.

In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may beimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on ortransmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computerstorage media and communication media including any medium thatfacilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Astorage media may be any available media that can be accessed by ageneral purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and notlimitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM,CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carryor store desired program code means in the form of instructions or datastructures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose orspecial-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purposeprocessor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readablemedium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website,server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologiessuch as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such asinfrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc,optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray discwhere disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproducedata optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also beincluded within the scope of computer-readable media.

The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable anyperson skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Variousmodifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may beapplied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scopeof the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited tothe examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded thewidest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosedherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication in a wide areanetwork (WAN), comprising: performing peer discovery by a first devicesupporting peer-to-peer (P2P) communication and WAN communication;detecting at least one second device by the first device via the peerdiscovery; obtaining at least one measurement for the at least onesecond device by the first device; sending the at least one measurementfrom the first device to the WAN; receiving results of association, orresource partitioning, or both association and resource partitioningfrom the WAN, wherein association to select P2P communication or WANcommunication, or resource partitioning to allocate resources for P2Pcommunication, or both association and resource partitioning areperformed by the WAN for the first device based on the at least onemeasurement; and communicating by the first device based on the resultsof association, or resource partitioning, or both.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the performing peer discovery comprises transmitting aproximity detection signal by the first device to enable at least oneother device to detect the first device.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the performing peer discovery comprises detecting at least oneproximity detection signal from the at least one second device, andwherein the obtaining at least one measurement comprises making the atleast one measurement for the at least one second device by the firstdevice based on the at least one proximity detection signal.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the obtaining at least one measurementcomprises making at least one pathloss measurement for the at least onesecond device by the first device, each pathloss measurement beingindicative of pathloss between the first device and one of the at leastone second device.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining at least one network address of the at least one seconddevice by the first device; and sending the at least one network addressof the at least one second device to the WAN.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the receiving the results of association, or resourcepartitioning, or both comprises receiving a decision of P2Pcommunication or WAN communication selected by the WAN for the firstdevice, and wherein the communicating by the first device comprisesdirectly communicating with the at least one second device by the firstdevice if P2P communication is selected.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the receiving the results of association, or resourcepartitioning, or both comprises receiving information indicative of theresources allocated to the first device for P2P communication, andwherein the communicating by the first device comprises directlycommunicating with the at least one second device on the resourcesallocated for P2P communication by the first device.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: receiving a maximum transmit power level tobe used by the first device for P2P communication; and transmitting atthe maximum transmit power level or lower by the first device for P2Pcommunication.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detectingat least one P2P device potentially causing strong interference to thefirst device; and sending information indicative of the at least one P2Pdevice to the WAN.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: makingat least one interference measurement for at least one WAN device by thefirst device, each WAN device communicating with the WAN, eachinterference measurement being made on different resources andindicative of interference detected by the first device from one of theat least one WAN device; and sending the at least one interferencemeasurement for the at least one WAN device to the WAN.
 11. The methodof claim 10, wherein each interference measurement sent by the firstdevice is further indicative of particular resources on which stronginterference is detected by the first device.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the first device is a P2P client in a P2P group including thefirst device and the at least one second device, the method furthercomprising: performing a random access procedure by the first device toestablish a P2P communication link with the at least one second device.13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first device is a P2P server in aP2P group including the first device and the at least one second device,the method further comprising: scheduling the at least one second devicefor data transmission for P2P communication by the first device.
 14. Anapparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for performingpeer discovery by a first device supporting peer-to-peer (P2P)communication and wide area network (WAN) communication; means fordetecting at least one second device by the first device via the peerdiscovery; means for obtaining at least one measurement for the at leastone second device by the first device; means for sending the at leastone measurement from the first device to a WAN; means for receivingresults of association, or resource partitioning, or both associationand resource partitioning from the WAN, wherein association to selectP2P communication or WAN communication, or resource partitioning toallocate resources for P2P communication, or both association andresource partitioning are performed by the WAN for the first devicebased on the at least one measurement; and means for communicating bythe first device based on the results of association, or resourcepartitioning, or both.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, furthercomprising: means for determining at least one network address of the atleast one second device by the first device; and means for sending theat least one network address of the at least one second device to theWAN.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the means for receiving theresults of association, or resource partitioning, or both comprisesmeans for receiving a decision of P2P communication or WAN communicationselected by the WAN for the first device, and wherein the means forcommunicating by the first device comprises means for directlycommunicating with the at least one second device by the first device ifP2P communication is selected.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14, whereinthe means for receiving the results of association, or resourcepartitioning, or both comprises means for receiving informationindicative of the resources allocated to the first device for P2Pcommunication, and wherein the means for communicating by the firstdevice comprises means for directly communicating with the at least onesecond device on the resources allocated for P2P communication by thefirst device.
 18. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:at least one processor configured to perform peer discovery by a firstdevice supporting peer-to-peer (P2P) communication and wide area network(WAN) communication, to detect at least one second device by the firstdevice via the peer discovery, to obtain at least one measurement forthe at least one second device by the first device, to send the at leastone measurement from the first device to a WAN, to receive results ofassociation, or resource partitioning, or both association and resourcepartitioning from the WAN, wherein association to select P2Pcommunication or WAN communication, or resource partitioning to allocateresources for P2P communication, or both association and resourcepartitioning are performed by the WAN for the first device based on theat least one measurement, and to communicate by the first device basedon the results of association, or resource partitioning, or both. 19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor isconfigured to determine at least one network address of the at least onesecond device by the first device, and to send the at least one networkaddress of the at least one second device to the WAN.
 20. The apparatusof claim 18, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receivea decision of P2P communication or WAN communication selected by the WANfor the first device, and to directly communicate with the at least onesecond device by the first device if P2P communication is selected. 21.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor isconfigured to receive information indicative of resources allocated tothe first device for P2P communication, and to directly communicate withthe at least one second device on the allocated resources by the firstdevice.
 22. A computer program product, comprising: a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium comprising: code for causing at least oneprocessor to perform peer discovery by a first device supportingpeer-to-peer (P2P) communication and wide area network (WAN)communication, code for causing the at least one processor to detect atleast one second device by the first device via the peer discovery, codefor causing the at least one processor to obtain at least onemeasurement for the at least one second device by the first device, codefor causing the at least one processor to send the at least onemeasurement from the first device to a WAN, code for causing the atleast one processor to receive results of association, or resourcepartitioning, or both association and resource partitioning from theWAN, wherein association to select P2P communication or WANcommunication, or resource partitioning to allocate resources for P2Pcommunication, or both association and resource partitioning areperformed by the WAN for the first device based on the at least onemeasurement, and code for causing the at least one processor tocommunicate by the first device based on the results of association, orresource partitioning, or both.